分子杂交法快速鉴定结核分枝杆菌和非结核分枝杆菌的初步评价

目的评价结核分枝杆菌鉴定试剂盒(分子杂交法)进行分枝杆菌菌种初筛的准确性,并探讨如何快速准确地鉴定结核分枝杆菌复合群(MTC)和非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)混合感染标本。方法采用分子杂交法对200株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行菌种鉴定。人工制备结核分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌、结核分枝杆菌和脓肿分枝杆菌、结核分枝杆菌和偶发分枝杆菌的混合感染模型,评价基因测序法、芯片法和Hain test在检测分枝杆菌混合感染中的准确性。结果以对硝基苯甲酸(PNB)分离鉴定结果为参照,分子杂交法的敏感性和特异性分别为65.12%(65/86)和98.25%(112/114)。对于人工制备的13种不同比例混合的H37Rv和NTM,芯片法和Hain test均可以准确鉴定出混合感染标本中的混合菌种,而基因测序结果表明,H37Rv:偶发分枝杆菌的比例在10%~90%范围内才能区分出混合感染的类型。结论分子杂交法对于结核分枝杆菌诊断有较高的特异性,一旦经该法鉴定为NTM,则具有很高的诊断意义。明确标本中存在混合感染后可以采用芯片法或Hain test对临床上高致病的分枝杆菌进行菌种水平的鉴定。     

采用热稀释法测定左心排血量

采用改良的温敏导管，根据热稀释原理直接测定了10条比格犬的左心排血量（5．1±0．6L/0min）。与采用标准方法测定的右心排血量（4．8±0．8L／min）相比，两者相关性良好（r＝0．76），以手推法向左心室快速注射10ml冰温生理盐水，不引起心律失常和心肌缺血。因此，这一方法可作为左心导管术的标准操作步骤之一用于临床。     

肝切除过程中入肝血流阻断方法的探讨

目的对肝切除过程中实施肝门血流阻断方法进行深入探讨。方法通过检索中国医院知识仓库全文数据库、MEDLINE相关文献对肝门血流阻断的方法进行分类,并客观评估每种方法的利弊。结果 Pringle法是最早应用于肝切术手术时控制肝断面失血量的方法,此法简单、易行,也是目前临床应用最广泛的一种方法,但是时间不宜过长,否则会对肝脏产生严重的缺血再灌注损伤,尤其对肝脏本身存在基础病变的患者;全肝血流阻断有很好的手术中控制失血量的效果,但是缺血再灌注损伤应引起重视;半肝血流阻断和保留肝动脉的半肝血流阻断方法一定程度上减轻了肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,但是只能应用于手术操作位于一侧半肝的患者,应用范围受到一定局限;肝段血流阻断法对肿瘤较小且局限于一个肝段或相邻几个肝段的手术操作是一种理想的阻断方法,但是由于操作复杂,定位困难,只能在一些医疗条件较好,且具备熟练解剖知识的高年资外科医生中开展。结论实施肝门血流阻断,控制肝断面失血量是肝脏手术中的一项重要技术,目前临床应用的肝门控制方法各有利弊,探索一种既有较好的止血效果,又最大限度的减少因阻断对肝脏产生损伤和对全身血流动力学影响的入肝血流阻断方法,仍然需要深入的研究和探讨。     

输入性疟疾再传播风险评估指标体系的构建

目的　构建输入性疟疾再传播风险评估指标体系。方法　通过文献综述、专题讨论初步构建输入性疟疾再传播风险评估指标体系。选择26名疟疾防治专家,采用德尔菲法对指标体系开展2轮专家咨询,根据专家对每项指标的熟悉程度、判断依据和重要性评价计算专家积极系数、专家权威系数、专家协调系数、各指标变异系数,根据上述结果进行指标筛选并计算各指标权重;采用Cronbach’s α系数评价指标体系信度,采用专家权威程度系数评价指标体系的内容效度,采用KMO检验和因子分析评价指标体系的结构效度。结果　共23名专家完成2轮专家咨询,最终构建了一个包含3个一级指标、7个二级指标、21个三级指标的输入性疟疾再传播风险评估指标体系。第2轮专家积极系数（100.00% vs. 88.46%）和专家协调系数（0.372 vs. 0.286, P均< 0.01）均高于第1轮。第2轮专家咨询后,各级指标专家权威程度系数为0.757～0.930,一、二、三级指标变异系数分别为0.098～0.136、0.112～0.276、0.139～0.335;指标体系整体Cronbach’s α系数为0.941;一（KMO值= 0.523,[χ2] = 18.192,P < 0.05）、二（KMO值= 0.694,[χ2] = 51.499,P < 0.01）、三级指标（KMO值= 0.519,[χ2] = 477.638,P < 0.01）KMO值均有统计学意义;三级指标6个主成分累积贡献率为84.23%。传染源、传播条件及防控能力3个一级指标归一化权重分别为0.337、0.333和0.329;归一化权重居前3位的二级指标依次为输入性病例数及虫种（0.160）、输入性病例入境及就诊情况（0.152）、媒介种类及密度（0.152）;归一化权重值居前5位的三级指标依次为输入性病例虫种（0.065）、媒介种群（0.064）、患者发病至就诊时间间隔（0.059）、输入性病例数（0.056）及从就诊至确诊时间间隔（0.055）。结论　成功构建了输入性疟疾再传播风险评估指标体系,为消除后开展输入性疟疾再传播风险评估和加强重点风险因素防控提供了科学依据。     

Magnetocardiographic Pacemapping for Nonfluoroscopic Localization of Intracardiac Electrophysiology Catheters

The purpose of the study was to validate, in patients, the accuracy of magnetocardiography (MCG) for three-dimensional localization of an amagnetic catheter (AC) for multiple monophasic action potential (MAP) with a spatial resolution of 4 mm2. The AC was inserted in five patients after routine electrophysiological study. Four MAPs were simultaneously recorded to monitor the stability of endocardial contact of the AC during the MCG localization. MAP signals were band-pass filtered DC-500 Hz and digitized at 2 KHz. The position of the AC was also imaged by biplane fluoroscopy (XR), along with lead markers. MCG studies were performed with a multichannel SQUID system in the Helsinki BioMag shielded room. Current dipoles (5mm; 10mA), activated at the tip of the AC, were localized using the equivalent current dipole (ECD) model in patient-specific boundary element torso. The accuracy of the MCG localizations was evaluated by: (1) anatomic location of ECD in the MRI, (2) mismatch with XR. The AC was correctly localized in the right ventricle of all patients using MRI. The mean three-dimensional mismatch between XR and MCG localizations was 6 ± 2 mm (beat-to-beat analysis). The coefficient of variation of three-dimensional localization of the AC was 1.37% and the coefficient of reproducibility was 2.6 mm. In patients, in the absence of arrhythmias, average local variation coefficients of right ventricular MAP duration at 50% and 90% ofrepolarization, were 7.4% and 3.1%, respectively. This study demonstrates that with adequate signal-to-noise ratio, MCG three-dimensional localizations are accurate and reproducible enough to provide nonfluoroscopy dependant multimodal imaging for high resolution endocardial mapping of monophasic action potentials.     

mCIM与eCIM在产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌表型筛查中的价值

目的 分析改良碳青霉烯灭活试验(mCIM)与乙二胺四乙酸碳青霉烯灭活试验(eCIM)对产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌科细菌表型筛查的效能及应用价值.方法 收集碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)117株(实验组)、碳青霉烯类敏感肠杆菌科细菌50株(对照组).分别采用改良Hodge试验(MHT)、mCIM和eCIM进行表型筛查,采用...     

基于加涅学习理论的护士ICU获得性衰弱培训方案的构建

目的 构建基于加涅学习理论的ICU获得性衰弱培训方案,为提高ICU护士的ICU获得性衰弱护理水平提供参考。方法 2021年3-8月通过文献回顾、半结构访谈、德尔菲法构建ICU获得性衰弱培训方案。结果 通过2轮专家函询,形成了3个一级指标（培训目标、培训过程与内容、培训形式）、16个二级条目、41个三级条目;2轮专家函询权威系数分别为0.897和0.903,肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.312和0.323（P＜0.01）。结论 基于加涅学习理论的ICU获得性衰弱培训方案具有科学性和可靠性,考虑了护士需求,为护士ICU获得性衰弱培训提供了依据。     

类风湿关节炎病人滑膜上类风湿因子的检测

用免疫组化法检测了20例类风湿关节炎者关节滑膜上的 IgM 和 IgG 类风湿因子。前者阳性率为60%,后者为45%,总阳性率为65%。并对免疫组化、临床化验和病理资料进行了综合分析.认为免疫组化法检测关节滑膜上的类风湿因子是诊断类风湿关节炎的有力依据,尤其是在关节镜的应用中,对排除其他炎性关节炎具有决定意义。     

Test Procedures for Disease Prevalence with Partially Validated Data

Investigating the prevalence of a disease is an important topic in medical studies. Such investigations are usually based on the classification results of a group of subjects according to whether they have the disease. To classify subjects, screening tests that are inexpensive and nonintrusive to the test subjects are frequently used to produce results in a timely manner. However, such screening tests may suffer from high levels of misclassification. Although it is often possible to design a gold-standard test or device that is not subject to misclassification, such devices are usually costly and time-consuming, and in some cases intrusive to the test subjects. As a compromise between these two approaches, it is possible to use data that are obtained by the method of double-sampling. In this article, we derive and investigate four test statistics for testing a hypothesis on disease prevalence with double-sampling data. The test statistics are implemented through both the asymptotic method suitable for large samples and approximate unconditional method suitable for small samples. Our simulation results show that the approximate unconditional method usually produces a more satisfactory empirical type I error rate and power than its asymptotic counterpart, especially for small to moderate sample sizes. The results also suggest that the score test and the Wald test based on an estimate of variance with parameters estimated under the null hypothesis outperform the others. An real example is used to illustrate the proposed methods.     

医学课程案例教学方法教学评价体系探析

案例教学方法在我国已经受到普遍重视,并对高校教学改革和发展起到很大的促进作用,但是,目前的各种教学评价手段均不完全适用于案例教学方法的评价,严重阻碍了案例教学方法的推广应用.本文结合徐州医学院开展案例教学试点课程的实践,同步探索案例教学方法教学评价体系的建构,以期有效监控和保障案例教学的质量,并为进一步开展案例教学提供科学评估和指导.